History of USB Flash drives

The first USB flash drive was manufactured in early 2000 by a company called Trek with product Thumbkey®, shortly followed by M-systems (now SanDisk) with their DiskonKey® drive.

Many companies claim to have been first to develop the USB Flash drive which resulted in many patent disputes over the years.

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Brief USB Overview and USB History

USB Overview

In the past, connecting multiple peripheral devices to computer has been a real problem. There were too many different port types (serial port, parallel port, PS/2 etc.) and their use imposes limitations such as no hot-pluggability and automatic configuration. There are very limited number of ways to attach the peripheral devices in the original IBM PC implementation due to the requirements in terms of non-shareable IRQ lines and I/O address space. The main reason that Universal Serial Bus was implemented to provide a replacement for those legacy ports on a computer to make the addition of the peripheral devices quick and easy for end user.

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MOBILE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Handphone is one of technological developments. With the sophistication of today's technology, the mobile phone functions not only as a means of communication, but people can also access the internet, SMS, take pictures and send each other data. The impact of handpone probably not aware of that at all. Besides facilitating communication in a positive impact that humans get, there are also negative impacts that humans begin as a result of using a mobile phone or cell phone is.

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BACKGROUND TECHNOLOGY development impact

Since the first human technology already exists or is already using the technology. Someone who uses the technology because humans have the intelligence and the mind. In his mind, he wanted to get out of trouble, to live better, safer, and so on. Technological developments occur because someone uses his intelligence and mind to solve any problems.

In countries that are in development, would require so many things to support the development of their country. These countries together increase the range of their skills in all aspects of society, such as agricultural and industrial aspects. Then, moreover, they also have investments in public health aspects and aspects of education

And this time, every aspect of life has been able to grow rapidly, alongside these developments also with the development of society from traditional society to modern society, then automatically the development of society moving towards the demands of globalization. The main cause is most felt in the change is the aspect of Information Technology, the simplest example of this is when people who are traditionally first in the realization of long-distance information that takes a long time because he was still using the messaging service is still simple letters, faxes or later evolved into the phone and is now in a more modern mobile phones have emerged in a variety of types and advanced features that dominate it.

Of course that led to technological advances such great changes in the life of mankind in all civilizations and cultures. This change has an impact so great that the transformation of values ​​in society. Especially people with oriental culture and customs, such as Indonesia. Currently, in Indonesia, we can see that the effect of technological progress on the cultural values ​​that embrace the community, both urban and rural communities (modernization). Advances in technology, such as television, telephone and cellular telephone (HP), even the Internet not just hit the city, but can also be enjoyed by people in remote village. As a result, all invaluable information both positive and negative, can be easily accessed by the public. Positive impact, for example, the ease of communicating via cell phone or the internet, simply get information from the Internet, now the community is not only able to communicate via cell phone while it is negative, the number of fraud cases via sms, facebook account password burglaries and worse or ATM passwords are easily broken by people who are not responsible. And admit it or not, slowly changing lifestyles and thought patterns with any image that characterizes them.

Explanation bottom of the problem we are interested in the group chose the title "The Development Impact of Information Technology", which is expected to support our knowledge of the ethics of the profession.

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CDMA (Code Devision Multiple Access)

For the first time, a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) used in World War II by Allied forces to thwart the efforts of Nazi Germany in the interception of their information through "messaging stir.

The information sent and received is usually in digital form. The digital data is then transmitted as a radio signal over a wireless network, using a unique code to distinguish each call. Thus, CDMA technology allows more persons share waves simultaneously without interference signals in the air.

CDMA uses the concept of multipath fading, namely: robustness against signal reflections that buildings, CDMA is capable of receiving and combining the signals better. There are two types of mobile phones that support the use of CDMA technology, namely:

aircraft types that are classified as mobile phones, with the size and functions such as cell phones, in general, and ...
types of aircraft such as fixed wireless terminal, which resembles a traditional regular phone, but without wires.
A disadvantage of CDMA systems are limited in scope because, using a frequency of 1900 KHz. In contrast to the use of frequencies of GSM 900 - 1800 MHz, ie the higher the frequency, the shorter the distance that can be covered by a Base Transceiver Station (BTS).

Since 2007 Indonesia has set the standard for the frequency to 800 Mhz CDMA system. Cellular operators in Indonesia, which dominates the use of CDMA technology are: Telkom (Flexi), Bakrie Telecom (EIS), Mobile-8 (Fren) and Smart.

Mobile phones now used to make and receive phone calls. Furthermore, for sending and receiving short messages or SMS (Short Message Service). For mobile middle class and upper class, usually account to share / send photos / images using MMS (Multimedia Message Service), Internet browsing with WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and GPRS (General Packet Radio ), there can even watch TV on mobile phone calls and video thanks to the 3G (third generation). With the features of 3G, communication and how to get the information faster, clearer sound, became an instant exchange of data, and many other amenities are available.

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GSM (Global System Mobile Comunication)

GSM was originally an acronym for Mobile Panel, namely: a combined loss of American experts who conducted the study together, to create a standard GSM. Then, the acronym GSM was replaced by the Global System for Mobile Communications. GSM has the meaning as cellular mobile telecommunications system using digital phone systems. This system has many advantages over traditional telephony and include: the sound produced becomes clearer, increases the efficiency of the frequency spectrum or the system has the optimum capacity shown by the ability of digital compression and coding of data . GSM uses encryption technology (encoding) before the voice message is sent, so data security becomes more secure. GSM operates in the 900 - 1800 MHz

Digital technology also uses the headset is very light, simple and small, as it uses a chip rate Digital Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). This technology will allow the addition of new subscribers as additional services such as voice mail, call waiting and short message service (SMS).

Cellular operators in Indonesia, which dominates the use of GSM technology include: Telkomsel, Indosat, Axis, Exelcomindo and Three.

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HP Technology Origins

Early phones were made only limited to phones (landline). But since April 3, 1973, we introduced a mobile phone technology, or are now a lot of people call it by name phone (HP). Today, mobile phones have been widely used by the public. Besides communication, mobile phones have proved to be a part of your lifestyle, looks, trends and prestige (prestige).

With the leading technology, mobile phones now have a variety of shapes and sizes, so that the most interesting and increasingly diverse. Additional features in the same, is also very complex. From a digital camera, FM radio, MP3/MP4 player, video, and various types of games are very interesting.

Technology, mobile phone or cell phone, is a combination of telephone technology with radio technology that sends voice signals via radio waves. Because it is wireless (wireless), the phone is very likely to happen any mobile communication.

In Indonesia there are two mobile technologies, namely: the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Division Multiple Access (CDMA). In principle, the difference between the two is how to use the code and transmitter frequencies.

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History of Information Technology

Development of human civilization is accompanied by the supply of development opportunities for information (hereinafter referred to as information technology).
Based on the pictures that made ​​no sense in the walls of the cave and laid a milestone in the form of inscriptions until the introduction of the worldwide flow of information, which are known as the Internet has become.

The displayed information has been developed. As only the description of the situation in combat tactics.

Period of Pre-History (... s / d 3000 BC)
Information technology was originally developed by the people of that time serves as a system for the introduction of the forms that they know, they described the information they get on the walls of the cave, about hunting and prey animals. At that time they began the objects that live around the area she and represent them with the forms to identify them, there are painted on cave walls, where they live, because of their ability to speak grunts just about the form of voice and hand gestures as a form of early communication to her this time.
Further developments are made and used to produce tools that sound and gesture, such as drums, trumpets made ​​of animal horns, smoke signals as a means of giving warning danger.

Historical Period (3000 BC s / d 1400-s M)
At this point, information technology, not mass-produced technology, as we know it today has become, information technology is still limited only by the parties, at certain times used, used, and expensive!

3000 SM
For the first time with the Sumerian writing using symbols that are formed from the letters pictograf.
Symbols or letters also form a different sound (not to mention), it can be words, sentences and language.

2900 SM
Letters to the use of the ancient Egyptians Hierogliph
Hierogliph a symbolic language in which each phrase is different symbols that are combined to represent a single ketifka, the pronunciation and meaning will have different forms of writing and the language is more advanced than hierogliph Sumerian writing.

500 SM
Papyrus paper fibers are used as
Paper from papyrus tree fiber that grows around the Nile is a media company made ​​in writing / media information that is more robust and flexible than the clay tablets that were previously used as a medium of information.

105 M
The Chinese found the paper
Paper by the Chinese at the time this paper, we invented now know, this paper made from bamboo fibers are crushed, filtered, washed and then flattened and dried, makes the invention, also the printing system on a carving on wood blocks and covered with ink or that we know it today with cap system.

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PENGERTIAN LAN DAN KOMPONENNYA

LAN dapat definisikan sebagai network atau jaringan sejumlah sistem
komputer yang lokasinya terbatas didalam satu gedung, satu kompleksgedung
atau suatu kampus dan tidak menggunakan media fasilitas komunikasi umum
seperti telepon, melainkan pemilik dan pengelola media komunikasinya
adalah pemilik LAN itu sendiri.
Dari definisi diatas dapat kita ketahui bahwa sebuah LAN dibatasi oleh
lokasi secara fisik. Adapun penggunaan LAN itu sendiri mengakibatkansemua
komputer yang terhubung dalam jaringan dapat bertukar data atau dengan
kata lain berhubungan. Kerjasama ini semakin berkembang dari hanya
pertukaran data hingga penggunaan peralatan secara bersama.
LAN yang umumnya menggunakan hub, akan mengikuti prinsip kerja hub itu
sendiri. Dalam hal ini adalah bahwa hub tidak memiliki pengetahuantentang
alamat tujuan sehingga penyampaian data secara broadcast, dan juga karena
hub hanya memiliki satu domain collision sehingga bila salah satu port
sibuk maka port-port yang lain harus menunggu.

Komponen-komponen Dasar LAN
===========================

Beberapa komponen dasar yang biasanya membentuk suatu LAN adalah sebagai
berikut:

•Workstation
------------
Workstation merupakan node atau host yang berupa suatu sistem komputer.
Sistem komputer ini dapat berupa PC atau dapat pula berupa suatu komputer
yang besar seperti sistem minicomputer, bahkan suatu mainframe.
Workstation dapat bekerja sendiri (stand-alone) dapat pula menggunakan
jaringan untuk bertukar data dengan workstation atau user yang lain.

•Server
-------
Perangkat keras (hardware) yang berfungsi untuk melayani jaringan dan
workstation yang terhubung pada jaringan tersebut.pada umumnya sumber
daya (resources) seperti printer, disk, dan sebagainya yang hendak
digunakan secara bersama oleh para pemakai di workstation berada dan
bekerja pada server. Berdasarkan jenis pelayanannya dikenal disk server,
file server, print server, dan suatu server juga dapat mempunyai beberapa
fungsi pelayanan sekaligus.

•Link (hubungan)
----------------
Workstation dan server tidak dapat berfungsi apabila peralatan tersebut
secara fisik tidak terhubung. Hubungan tersebut dalam LAN dikenal sebagai
media transmisi yang umumnya berupa kabel. Adapun beberapa contoh dari
link adalah:
1.Kabel Twisted Pair
•Kabel ini terbagi dua, yaitu Shielded Twisted Pair dan Unshielded Twisted
Pair(UTP)
•Lebih banyak dikenal karena merupakan kabel telpon
•Relatif murah
•Jarak yang pendek
•Mudah terpengaruh oleh gangguan
•Kecepatan data yang dapat didukung terbatas, 10-16 Mbps

2.Kabel Coaxial
•Umumnya digunakan pada televisi
•Jarak yang relatif lebih jauh
•Kecepatan pengiriman data lebih tinggi di banding Twisted Pair, 30 Mbps
•Harga yang relatif tidak mahal
•Ukurannya lebih besar dari Twisted Pair

3.Kabel Fiber Optic
•Jarak yang jauh
•Kecepatan data yang tinggi, 100 Mbps
•Ukuran yang relatif kecil
•Sulit dipengaruhi gangguan
•Harga yang relatif masih mahal
•Instalasi yang relatif sulit


•Network Interface Card (NIC)
-----------------------------
Suatu workstation tidak dihubungkan secara langsung dengan kabel jaringan
ataupun tranceiver cable, tetapi melalui suatu rangkaian elektronika yang
dirancang khusus untuk menangani network protocol yang dikenal dengan
Network Interface Card (NIC).

•Network Software
-----------------
Tanpa adanya software jaringan maka jaringan tersebut tidak akan bekerja
sebagaimana yang dikehendaki. Software ini juga yang memungkinkan sistem
komputer yang satu berkomunikasi dengan sistem komputer yang lain.

Peralatan Pendukung LAN
=======================

a.Repeater
------------
•Pada OSI, bekerja pada lapisan Physical
•Meneruskan dan memperkuat sinyal
•Banyak digunakan pada topologi Bus
•Penggunaannya mudah dan Harga yang relatif murah
•Tidak memiliki pengetahuan tentang alamat tujuan sehingga penyampaian
data secara broadcast
•Hanya memiliki satu domain collision sehingga bila salah satu port sibuk
maka port-port yang lain harus menunggu.

b.Hub
-----
•Bekerja pada lapisan Physical
•Meneruskan sinyal
•Tidak memiliki pengetahuan tentang alamat tujuan
•Penggunaannya relatif mudah dan harga yang terjangkau
•Hanya memiliki satu buah domain collision

c.Bridge
--------
•Bekerja di lapisan Data Link
•Telah menggunakan alamat-alamat untuk meneruskan data ke tujuannya
•Secara otomatis membuat tabel penterjemah untuk diterima masing2 port

d.Switch
--------
•Bekerja di lapisan Data Link
•Setiap port didalam swith memiliki domain collision sendiri-sendiri
•Memiliki tabel penterjemah pusat yang memiliki daftar penterjemah untuk
semua port
•Memungkinkan transmisi secara full duflex (dua arah)

e.Router
--------
•Router berfungsi menyaring atau memfilter lalu lintas data
•Menentukan dan memilih jalur alternatif yang akan dilalui oleh data
•Menghubungkan antar jaringan LAN, bahkan dengan WAN

Topologi LAN
=============

Pengertian topologi Jaringan adalah susunan lintasan aliran data didalam
jaringan yang secara fisik menghubungkan simpul yang satu dengan simpul
lainnya. Berikut ini adalah beberapa topologi jaringan yang ada dan
dipakai hingga saat ini, yaitu:
•Topologi Star
Beberapa simpul/node dihubungkan dengan simpul pusat/host, yang membentuk
jaringan fisik seperti bintang, semua komunikasi ditangani langsung dan
dikelola oleh host yang berupa mainframe komputer.


•Topologi Hierarkis
Berbentuk seperti pohon bercabang yang terdiri dari komputer induk(host)
dihubungkan dengan simpul/node lain secara berjenjang. Jenjang yang lebih
tinggi berfungsi sebagai pengatur kerja jenjang dibawahnya.

•Topologi Bus
Beberapa simpul/node dihubungkan dengan jalur data (bus). Masing2 node
dapat melakukan tugas-tugas dan operasi yangberbeda namun semua mempunyai
hierarki yang sama.


•Topologi Loop
Merupakan hubungan antar simpul/node secara serial dalam bentuk suatu
lingkaran tertutup. Dalam bentuk ini tak ada central node/host, semua
mempunyai hierarki yang sama.


•Topologi Ring
Bentuk ini merupakan gabungan bentuk topologi loop dan bus, jika salah
satu simpul/node rusak, maka tidak akan mempengaruhi komunikasi node
yang lain karena terpisah dari jalur data.


•Topologi Web
Merupakan bentuk topologi yang masing-masing simpul/node dalam jaringan
dapat saling berhubungan dengan node lainnya melalui beberapa link.
Suatu bentuk web network dengan n node, akan menggunakan link sebanyak
n(n-1)/2.

Dengan menggunakan segala kelebihan dan kekurangan masing2 konfigurasi,
memungkinkan dikembangkannya suatu konfigurasi baru yang menggabungkan
beberapa topologi disertai teknologi baru agar kondisi ideal suatu
sistem jaringan dapat terpenuhi.




sumber: http://farahmaniez.blogspot.com/2008/02/pengertian-lan-dan-komponennya.html

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Cara Mengubah file PDF to Word

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Maka dari pertanyaan teman2, aq akhirnya menemukan file2 ini adri teman di dunia maya,
Akh langsung saja,,
Bagi teman2 yang mau mengubah file2 PDF ke file Word(*.doc)
Ada dua cara, yaitu;

1. Cara yang Pertama
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2. Cara yang ke dua
Anda bias download file yang dikhususkan untuk mengalihkan file-file dari PDF ke Word (*.doc),
Anda bisa download di sini atau sini

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